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Item Measurement of the tt̅ production cross section in 2 fb-1 of pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV using lepton plus jets events with soft muon b tagging(American Physical Society, 2009) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We present a measurement of the tt̅ production cross section in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV using events containing a high transverse momentum electron or muon, three or more jets, and missing transverse energy. Events consistent with tt̅ decay are found by identifying jets containing candidate heavy-flavor semileptonic decays to muons. The measurement uses a CDF run II data sample corresponding to 2 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. Based on 248 candidate events with three or more jets and an expected background of 79.5±5.3 events, we measure a production cross section of 9.1±1.6 pb.Item Measurement of the b-hadron production cross section using decays to μ-D0X final states in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV(American Physical Society, 2009-05-18) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We report a measurement of the production cross section for b hadrons in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV. Using a data sample derived from an integrated luminosity of 83 pb-1 collected with the upgraded Collider Detector (CDF II) at the Fermilab Tevatron, we analyze b hadrons, Hb, partially reconstructed in the semileptonic decay mode Hb→μ-D0X. Our measurement of the inclusive production cross section for b hadrons with transverse momentum pT>9 GeV/c and rapidity |y|<0.6 is σ=1.30 μb±0.05 μb(stat)±0.14 μb(syst)±0.07 μb(B), where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and from branching fractions, respectively. The differential cross sections dσ/dpT are found to be in good agreement with recent measurements of the Hb cross section and well described by fixed-order next-to-leading logarithm predictions.Item Search for Bs0→μ+μ- and B0→μ+μ- Decays with 2 fb-1 of pp̅ Collisions(American Institute of Physics, 2008) Aaltonen, T.; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We have performed a search for Bs0→μ+μ- and B0→μ+μ- decays in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV using 2 fb-1 of integrated luminosity collected by the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The observed number of Bs0 and B0 candidates is consistent with background expectations. The resulting upper limits on the branching fractions are B(Bs0→μ+μ-)<5.8×10-8 and B(B0→μ+μ-)<1.8×10-8 at 95% C.L.Item Measurement of the tt̅ production cross section in 2 fb-1 of pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV using lepton plus jets events with soft muon b tagging(American Physical Society, 2009) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We present a measurement of the tt̅ production cross section in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV using events containing a high transverse momentum electron or muon, three or more jets, and missing transverse energy. Events consistent with tt̅ decay are found by identifying jets containing candidate heavy-flavor semileptonic decays to muons. The measurement uses a CDF run II data sample corresponding to 2 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. Based on 248 candidate events with three or more jets and an expected background of 79.5±5.3 events, we measure a production cross section of 9.1±1.6 pb.Item Measurement of the b-hadron production cross section using decays to μ-D0X final states in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV(American Physical Society, 2009-05-18) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We report a measurement of the production cross section for b hadrons in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV. Using a data sample derived from an integrated luminosity of 83 pb-1 collected with the upgraded Collider Detector (CDF II) at the Fermilab Tevatron, we analyze b hadrons, Hb, partially reconstructed in the semileptonic decay mode Hb→μ-D0X. Our measurement of the inclusive production cross section for b hadrons with transverse momentum pT>9 GeV/c and rapidity |y|<0.6 is σ=1.30 μb±0.05 μb(stat)±0.14 μb(syst)±0.07 μb(B), where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and from branching fractions, respectively. The differential cross sections dσ/dpT are found to be in good agreement with recent measurements of the Hb cross section and well described by fixed-order next-to-leading logarithm predictions.Item First Observation of Vector Boson Pairs in a Hadronic Final State at the Tevatron Collider(American Institute of Physics, 2009) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We present the first observation in hadronic collisions of the electroweak production of vector boson pairs (VV, V=W, Z) where one boson decays to a dijet final state. The data correspond to 3.5 fb-1 of integrated luminosity of pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV collected by the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. We observe 1516±239(stat)±144(syst) diboson candidate events and measure a cross section σ(pp̅ →VV+X) of 18.0±2.8(stat)±2.4(syst)±1.1(lumi) pb, in agreement with the expectations of the standard model.Item Classifiers for educational technology(CRC Press, 2010) Hämäläinen, Wilhelmiina; Vinni, Mikko; University of Helsinki, Department of Computer Science (-2009)Item Espoo shootings: A failure of restraint(2010-01-14) Hadley, Jonathan; University of Helsinki, Department of Social ResearchArgues that focus on the immigrant status of the Espoo shooter deflects attention from the failure of the relevant authorities to effectively respond to a foreseeable threat to public safety. Response to public discussion of New Year's Day shootings in Espoo shopping mall.Item First Observation of B̅ s0→Ds±K∓ and Measurement of the Ratio of Branching Fractions B(B̅ s0→Ds±K∓)/B(B̅ s0→Ds+π-)(American Institute of Physics, 2008) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)A combined mass and particle identification fit is used to make the first observation of the decay B̅ s0→Ds±K∓ and measure the branching fraction of B̅ s0→Ds±K∓ relative to B̅ s0→Ds+π-. This analysis uses 1.2 fb-1 integrated luminosity of pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. We observe a B̅ s0→Ds±K∓ signal with a statistical significance of 8.1σ and measure B(B̅ s0→Ds±K∓)/B(B̅ s0→Ds+π-)=0.097±0.018(stat)±0.009(syst).Item A Hub Architecture For Service Ecosystems: Towards Business-to-Business Automation with an Ontology-Enabled Collaboration Platform(2010) Norta, Alex; University of Helsinki, Department of Computer ScienceItem Measurement of the Ratio σtt̅ /σZ/γ*→ll and Precise Extraction of the tt̅ Cross Section(American Institute of Physics, 2010) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of PhysicsWe report a measurement of the ratio of the tt̅ to Z/γ* production cross sections in √s=1.96 TeV pp̅ collisions using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 4.6 fb-1, collected by the CDF II detector. The tt̅ cross section ratio is measured using two complementary methods, a b-jet tagging measurement and a topological approach. By multiplying the ratios by the well-known theoretical Z/γ*→ll cross section predicted by the standard model, the extracted tt̅ cross sections are effectively insensitive to the uncertainty on luminosity. A best linear unbiased estimate is used to combine both measurements with the result σtt̅ =7.70±0.52 pb, for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV/c2.Item Designing a blended learning model for primary school language learning(2010) Kotilainen, Marja-Riitta; University of Helsinki, Department of Teacher EducationIn Finland, there is a desperate need for flexible, reliable and functional multi-e-learning settings for pupils aged 11-13. Southern Finland has several ongoing e-learning projects, but none that develop a multiple setting, with learning and teaching occurring between more than two schools. In 2006, internet connections were not broadband and data transfer was mainly audio data. Connections and technical problems occurred, which were an obstacle to multi-e-learning. Internet connections today enable web-based learning in major parts of
Lapland and by 2015, broadband will reach even the remotest villages up north. Therefore, it is important to research the possibilities of multi-e-learning and to build collaborative, learner-centred, versatile network models for primary school-aged pupils. The resulting model will facilitate distance learning to extend education to rural, sparsely populated areas, and it will give a model of using mobile devices in language portfolios. This will promote regional equality and prevent exclusion. Working with portfolios provides the opportunity to develop mobility from a pedagogical point of view. It is important to study the pros and cons of mobile devices in producing artefacts on portfolios in e-learning and language learning settings.
The current study represents a design-based research approach. The design research approach includes two important aspects concerning the current research: ‘a teacher as researcher’ aspect, which means there is the possibility to be strongly involved in developing processes and an obstacle-aspect, which means that problems while developing, are seen as a
promoter in evolving the designed model, as apposed to negative results.Item Measurement of the kT Distribution of Particles in Jets Produced in pp̅ Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV(American Institute of Physics, 2009) Aaltonen, T.; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We present a measurement of the transverse momentum with respect to the jet axis (kt) of particles in jets produced in pp̅ collisions at √s=1.96 TeV. Results are obtained for charged particles in a cone of 0.5 radians around the jet axis in events with dijet invariant masses between 66 and 737 GeV/c2. The experimental data are compared to theoretical predictions obtained for fragmentation partons within the framework of resummed perturbative QCD using the modified leading log and next-to-modified leading log approximations. The comparison shows that trends in data are successfully described by the theoretical predictions, indicating that the perturbative QCD stage of jet fragmentation is dominant in shaping basic jet characteristics.Item Children’s Relationship to Plants among Primary School Children in Finland(2010-08-10) Laaksoharju, Taina; Rappe, Erja; University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural SciencesThere is considerable evidence that children in modern society are losing
their contact with nature and, more precisely, with green plants. Is this also the case in Finland, a northern country famous for its forests and wild nature? This study examines the relationship of 9- to 10-year-old Finnish schoolchildren with the green environment and plants. The data were gathered by a questionnaire
comprising structured and open-ended questions. The focus of the research was on two comparisons: first, on the nature and child relationship in rural and urban neighborhoods and, second, among boys and girls. Participants in the study amounted to a total of 76 children, 42 in the Helsinki suburb area and 34 in Paltamo. The results suggested that the children in rural surroundings had closer contact with nature than their urban associates. For example, the children of Paltamo reported to know the trees better, and considered human beings to be part of nature more often (100% vs. 76% of the pupils in Helsinki, P = 0,003). Similarly, the results showed that girls in the study (N = 48) were more interested in plants than boys (N = 28). For the girls, the beauty and joy of plants was important, whereas the boys appreciated plants as the source of life. After the pre-questioning, the children of Helsinki participated in an in-class horticultural intervention and 10 days later, answered a similar questionnaire again. The results of the open-ended questions revealed that equally to children in other Western countries, Finnish children may also be in danger of losing their direct contact with the natural environment. It was common to pass free time in organized sports such as hockey or football (boys), or by just walking and talking with friends (girls). Rural children told that they still built huts, pick berries, and climb trees, whereas urban children played in parks and city groves. The results suggest that it is essential to research
further the children’s own experiences if we are to understand, and subsequently, to enhance, the crucial role of the green environment in their lives. Horticultural interventions can be effective starting points to add to children’s knowledge, affection, and interest toward greenery, but it is highly recommended that they take place outdoors rather than indoors.Item Search for WW and WZ Resonances Decaying to Electron, Missing ET, and Two Jets in pp̅ Collisions at √s=1.96 TeV.(American Institute of Physics, 2010) Aaltonen, T.; Mehtala, P.; Orava, R.; Saarikko, H.; Osterberg, K.; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of PhysicsUsing data from 2.9 fb-1 of integrated luminosity collected with the CDF II detector at the Tevatron, we search for resonances decaying into a pair of on-shell gauge bosons, WW or WZ, where one W decays into an electron and a neutrino, and the other boson decays into two jets. We observed no statistically significant excess above the expected standard model background, and we set cross section limits at 95% confidence level on G* (Randall-Sundrum graviton), Z′, and W′ bosons. By comparing these limits to theoretical cross sections, mass exclusion regions for the three particles are derived. The mass exclusion regions for Z′ and W′ are further evaluated as a function of their gauge coupling strength.Item Measurement of the Ratio σtt̅ /σZ/γ*→ll and Precise Extraction of the tt̅ Cross Section(American Institute of Physics, 2010) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of PhysicsWe report a measurement of the ratio of the tt̅ to Z/γ* production cross sections in √s=1.96 TeV pp̅ collisions using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 4.6 fb-1, collected by the CDF II detector. The tt̅ cross section ratio is measured using two complementary methods, a b-jet tagging measurement and a topological approach. By multiplying the ratios by the well-known theoretical Z/γ*→ll cross section predicted by the standard model, the extracted tt̅ cross sections are effectively insensitive to the uncertainty on luminosity. A best linear unbiased estimate is used to combine both measurements with the result σtt̅ =7.70±0.52 pb, for a top-quark mass of 172.5 GeV/c2.Item Observation of single top quark production and measurement of |Vtb| with CDF(American Physical Society, 2010-12-15) Aaltonen, Timo; Mehtälä, Petteri; Mäki, Tuula; Orava, Risto; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We report the observation of electroweak single top quark production in 3.2 fb-1 of pp̅ collision data collected by the Collider Detector at Fermilab at √s=1.96 TeV. Candidate events in the W+jets topology with a leptonically decaying W boson are classified as signal-like by four parallel analyses based on likelihood functions, matrix elements, neural networks, and boosted decision trees. These results are combined using a super discriminant analysis based on genetically evolved neural networks in order to improve the sensitivity. This combined result is further combined with that of a search for a single top quark signal in an orthogonal sample of events with missing transverse energy plus jets and no charged lepton. We observe a signal consistent with the standard model prediction but inconsistent with the background-only model by 5.0 standard deviations, with a median expected sensitivity in excess of 5.9 standard deviations. We measure a production cross section of 2.3-0.5+0.6(stat+sys) pb, extract the value of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element |Vtb|=0.91-0.11+0.11(stat+sys)±0.07 (theory), and set a lower limit |Vtb|>0.71 at the 95% C.L., assuming mt=175 GeV/c2.Item Search for New Bottomlike Quark Pair Decays QQ̅ →(tW∓)(t̅ W±) in Same-Charge Dilepton Events(American Institute of Physics, 2010) Aaltonen, T.; Mehtala, P.; Maki, T.; Orava, R.; Saarikko, H.; Osterberg, K.; CDF Collaboration; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We report the most restrictive direct limits on masses of fourth-generation down-type quarks b′, and quarklike composite fermions (B or T5/3), decaying promptly to tW∓. We search for a significant excess of events with two same-charge leptons (e, μ), several hadronic jets, and missing transverse energy. An analysis of data from pp̅ collisions with an integrated luminosity of 2.7 fb-1 collected with the CDF II detector at Fermilab yields no evidence for such a signal, setting mass limits mb′, mB>338 GeV/c2 and mT5/3>365 GeV/c2 at 95% confidence level.Item Multiple aspects of validity theory in the service of an oral proficiency assessment project(2008) Hildén, Raili; University of Helsinki, Department of Teacher EducationItem Search for the rare decays B+→μ+μ-K+, B0→μ+μ-K*(892)0, and Bs0→μ+μ-ϕ at CDF(American Physical Society, 2008) Aaltonen, T.; Mehtälä, Petteri; Orava, Risto; Mäki, Tuula; Saarikko, Heimo; Österberg, Kenneth; University of Helsinki, Department of Physics; University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP) (-2009)We search for b to s\mu^+\mu^- transitions in B meson (B^+, B^0, or B^0_s) decays with 924pb^{-1} of p pbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. We find excesses with significances of 4.5, 2.9, and 2.4 standard deviations in the B^+ to \mu^+\mu^-K^+, B^0 to \mu^+\mu^-K^*(892)^0, and B_s^0 to \mu^+\mu^-\phi decay modes, respectively. Using B to J/psi h (h = K^+, K^*(892)^0, phi) decays as normalization channels, we report branching fractions for the previously observed B^+ and B^0 decays, BR(B^+ to \mu^+\mu^-K^+)=(0.59\pm0.15\pm0.04) x 10^{-6}, and BR(B^0 to \mu^+\mu^-K^*(892)^0)=(0.81\pm0.30\pm0.10) x 10^{-6}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, and the second is systematic. These measurements are consistent with the world average results, and are competitive with the best available measurements. We set an upper limit on the relative branching fraction BR(B_s^0 to \mu^+\mu^-\phi)/BR(B_s^0 to J/\psi\phi)